![]() ![]() 1 However, a case of high bifurcation of the common carotid artery C2 and C3, the origin of the ascending pharyngeal artery from the trunk of the common carotid artery, and anomalous branching pattern of the external carotid artery, is reported in the literature. The bifurcation of the carotid artery occurs at different levels with projection on the spine, in a frequency of 55% at the level of C3 and 35% at the level of C4 on the right side, while on the left side, it occurs in a 60% and 40% respectively. The included bibliography was analyzed and read by two independent reviewers who obtained the most relevant data in this study.Ĭommon Carotid Artery, its bifurcation, and variations We used the above exclusion criteria 107 articles were considered for detailed review. No language restrictions or publication methodologies were imposed. Those articles that did not specifically contain FA as an element that allowed the analysis of its anatomical variations, path, diameter, and other characteristics were excluded. Anatomical descriptions of this artery, variations in its route, and its relationship with different surgical and minimally invasive procedures were reviewed. Material and methodsĪ literature research was performed using the keywords: "Facial artery," "Flap," "Computed tomography," "Cadaveric study," and "Anatomy" to identify all articles related to FA. The increase in interventions in the facial territory in the last 15 years has led to a directly proportional relationship to the increase in research and available scientific evidence Although the general anatomy of the area, including the variations of the facial artery and its branches, have been described previously, to date there is no review of the literature that combines analytical data to estimate the prevalence of anatomical variations of the facial artery more accurately FA.ĭue to the above, the objective of this review is to synthesize the existing evidence in the literature referring to studies of the path and anatomical variations, anastomoses, and diameters of the FA, providing reliable evidence that allows various surgical minimally invasive procedures to be carried out safely, and lower morbidity. ![]() 4 For this reason, it is essential to know the course of FA, its ramifications, variations, and anatomical relationships, allowing different surgical actions and minimally invasive procedures with more excellent safety and efficiency, thus minimizing iatrogenesis and complications. Vascular complications of the facial territory will be related to the possible interventions of each specialist, from artery puncture, extravascular compression, and erroneous delimitation of the mucous muscle flap of the facial artery (FAMM), blindness or necrosis. ![]() 2 However, each patient has individual variations, even in their literalities, left and right. Previous studies have shown a racial variation in the origin of the branching pattern and distribution patterns. 1 FA describes a course that can be delimited according to its course in arteries: buccal, labial, nasolabial fold, angular nasal, dorsal nasal, and glabellar connection. The facial artery (FA) is a collateral branch of the external carotid artery which generally emerges anteriorly, at the limit of the inferior border of the digastric muscle and caudal to the mandibular angle, ascending obliquely anteriorly, giving rise to the blood vessels responsible for supply blood to the face. ![]()
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